Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the penne pasta and cook according to package instructions until al dente. Drain and set aside.
In a large skillet, heat the olive oil over medium heat. Add the minced garlic and sauté for about 1 minute until fragrant but not browned.
Add the halved cherry tomatoes to the skillet. Cook for about 5-7 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the tomatoes soften and start to break down. Season with salt, pepper, and red pepper flakes (if using).
Lower the heat and add the drained penne pasta to the skillet, tossing to coat evenly with the tomato mixture.
Stir in the torn mozzarella pieces and chopped basil, allowing the cheese to melt slightly.
Transfer the pasta to a large serving dish and sprinkle with grated Parmesan cheese, adding extra basil for garnish if desired. Serve immediately for a delightful Sorrento-inspired meal.